Introduction to Leadership Theories and Styles

According to the renowned book Leadership: Theory and Practice by Peter G. Northouse, there are several different leadership theories that, when applied correctly and situationally, can yield effective results. For these purposes, we will briefly review the most common leadership theories and how they can be applied in the political sphere.  

1. Trait Theory

Core idea:

• Leadership is rooted in certain innate qualities or traits (e.g., confidence, intelligence, decisiveness, integrity) that one is born with or groomed to have a very young age.
• The theory assumes that great leaders are born, not made.

Political application:

• Voters and party members often look for leaders who appear naturally suited to leadership, such as those who are charismatic, articulate, and confident.
• Example: A political candidate with natural charisma, strong oratory skills, and perceived integrity may gain public trust more easily during campaigns.
• Limitation in politics: Over-reliance on “natural” traits can overlook the need for skill-building and adaptation.

2. Behavioral Theory

Core idea:

• Leadership effectiveness depends on what leaders do, not just who they are.
• Focuses on observable behaviors, usually categorized as:
  • Task-oriented (those who can get the job done)
  • People-oriented (those who focus on building relationships and trust)

Political application:

• The measurable actions of politicians are judged, such passing legislation, engaging with constituents, effectively managing crises, etc. The personality of the politician is not weighed heavily.
• Example: A governor who consistently holds public briefings and consults community leaders demonstrates people-oriented behavior, while delivering promised infrastructure projects shows task-orientation.
• Strength of this theory: Behaviors can be learned, thus making leadership more accessible.

3. Situational Leadership Theory

Core idea:

• No single leadership style works in all situations.
• Leaders must adapt style based on:
  • The task at hand
  • The competence and commitment of followers

Political application:

• A political leader may need a directive style during a security crisis (providing clear ordersto subordinates to demonstrate tight control) but shift to a delegating style (assigning tasks to competent subordinates) when working with experienced committee chairs on policy reforms.
• Example: During a pandemic, a president may take a hands-on approach in early emergency phases, then move to a collaborative style for long-term recovery planning.

4. Transformational Leadership

Core idea:

• Leaders inspire and motivate followers to exceed their own self-interest for the greater good.
• Focus on vision, shared purpose, and long-term change. This is often used when creating a national identity

Political application:

• Transformational political leaders rally people around a national vision, e.g., economic reform, anti-corruption, social justice.
• They use inspirational speeches, symbolic actions, and policy direction to create emotional connection and trust.
• Example: A reformist legislator who mobilizes youth movements, pushes bold laws, and models ethical conduct.

5. Servant Leadership

Core idea:

• Leaders exist to serve their followers, prioritizing their needs, growth, and well-being.
• Emphasis is placed on empathy, stewardship, listening, and community building.

Political application:

• Servant political leaders focus on empowering citizens, ensuring inclusive participation, and being accessible.
• Example: A local government chairperson who spends significant time in communities, listening to residents, and adjusting policies to reflect grassroots concerns.
• This method is particularly effective in building trust in democracies where citizens value accountability and accessibility.

Key takeaways:

• Trait theory explains why some individuals emerge as natural political figures.
• Behavioral theory focuses on the visible actions that maintain political credibility.
• Situational theory is crucial because political environments shift constantly.
• Transformational leadership helps drive big policy changes and mobilize mass support.
• Servant leadership builds deep trust and long-term political capital at the grassroots level.